INTELLIGENCE REFORM

Material from the 1990s

H - K

Haass, Richard N. "Don't Hobble Intelligence Gathering." Washington Post, 15 Feb. 1996, A27.

Haass was Project Director for the Council on Foreign Relations' contribution to the intelligence reform debate: Making Intelligence Smarter: The Future of U.S. Intelligence -- Report of an Independent Task Force (New York: Public Affairs Office, Council on Foreign Relations, 1996).

Hamit, Francis. "Intelligence 'Reform' Ignores Complexity of Modern Threats." Defense News, 29 Apr.-5 May 1996, 23.

Hedley, John Hollister. Checklist for the Future of Intelligence. Occasional Paper. Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, Georgetown University, 1995.

Hedley is CIA officer in residence at Georgetown University. This represents the summation of a series of meetings at Georgetown, entitled "American Intelligence for the Twenty First Century: A Colloquium on the Future of Intelligence After the Cold War," from the fall of 1994 to February 1995. The checklist calls for giving more authority to the DCI, reducing redundancy in military intelligence, and giving a sharper focus to intelligence collection and analysis.

The text of Hedley's Checklist is available at: http://sfswww.georgetown.edu/sfs/programs/isd/files/intell.htm.

Hedley, John Hollister. "A Colloquium -- The Intelligence Community: Is It Broken? How to Fix It?" Studies in Intelligence 39, no. 5 (1996): 11-18.

Excerpts from remarks of Dan Glickman, Robert Gates, and Lee Hamilton, made at a colloquium at Georgetown University on 30 November 1994. Hedley chairs the CIA's Publications Review Board.

Holderness, Mike. "Hackers Come in from the Cold." New Scientist 140 (20 Nov. 1993): 22-23.

ProQuest: "According to Robert Steele,... intelligence agencies should begin spending less money on spies and more on computer technology and computer hackers."

Ignatius, David. "Openness Is the Secret to Democracy." Washington Post National Weekly Edition, 30 Sep.-6 Oct. 1991, 24-25.

"[I]ntelligence collection ... needs to be strengthened, not cut. What may need abolishing is the covert action role that was awkwardly grafted onto the CIA's basic spying mission when the agency was created.... 'A lot of what we do today was done covertly 25 years ago by the CIA,' agrees [Allen] Weinstein [of the Center for Democracy]. The biggest difference is that when such activities are done overtly, the flap potential is close to zero. Openness is its own protection.... The sugar daddy of overt operations has been the National Endowment for Democracy.... Through the late 1980s, it did openly what had once been unspeakably covert -- dispensing money to anti-Communist forces behind the Iron Curtain.... Covert funding for these groups would have been the kiss of death, if discovered. Overt funding, it would seem, has been a kiss of life."

Johnson, Loch K.

1. "Analysis for a New Age." Intelligence and National Security 11, no. 4 (Oct. 1996): 657-671.

Working from his base on the staff of the Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the U.S. Intelligence Community (the "Aspin-Brown Commission"), Johnson reviews the state of U.S. intelligence analysis and offers his thoughts on how it might be made better. He argues that intelligence analysis must be "consumer-driven"; that is, analysts "must design the intelligence product to suit the informational -- though certainly not the political -- needs of the consumer." He also urges more attention to "marketing" of its product on the part of the Intelligence Community.

2. "The CIA and the Question of Accountability." Intelligence and National Security 12, no. 1 (Jan. 1997): 178-200.

Johnson is arguably the foremost academic writer on the subject of intelligence accountability. His views, however, have been irreducibly influenced by his service on the Church Committee staff. While this gives his work a sameness of tone and viewpoint, it does not diminish the value of his thoughts. His basic argument here is that the investigations of 1975 and the reforms that flowed from them have made the CIA "a part of the government's usual checks and balances," that the resulting increase in accountability is a good thing, and that Congress remains a necessary -- and clearly, constitutionally mandated -- part of maintaining democratic oversight of intelligence activities.

Kehoe, Mark T. "Senate Armed Services Offers Own Agency Revamp Plan." Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, Jun. 1996, 1609.

Kerr, Sheila. "The Debate on US Post-Cold War Intelligence: One More New Botched Beginning?" Defense Analysis 10, no. 3 (Dec. 1994): 323-350.

Kitfield, James. "National Security: A Dramatic Makeover." National Journal, 16 Nov. 1996, 2480-2482.

Kohler, Robert. The Intelligence Industrial Base: Doomed to Extinction? Working Group on Intelligence Reform Series. Washington, DC: Consortium for the Study of Intelligence, 1994.

Surveillant 3.6: Kohler "argues that deep budget reductions threaten U.S. supremacy in global satellite reconnaissance and other areas of technical collection." An "adapted" version appears in American Intelligence Journal 15, no. 2 (Autumn/Winter 1994): 85-91.

Kutner, Joshua A. "Report Says Intelligence Collection Needs Drastic Overhaul." National Defense, Jan. 1998, 8.

The National Institute for Public Policy has published a report, "Moderning Intelligence: Structure and Change of the 21st Century," written by William E. Odom [LTGEN/USA (Ret.)]. He recommends organizing the intelligence community by discipline -- imagery intelligence, signals intelligence, and human intelligence -- and for placing the National Reconnaissance Office under the National Security Agency and the National Imagery and Mapping Agency.

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