Hackett,
James. "Radar Satellites Required." Washington Times, 14
Sep. 1999. Hackett,
James. "Radar Satellites Required." Washington Times, 14
Sep. 1999.
The Discoverer 2 spy satellite project is a joint effort of the Air Force, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), and the National Reconnaissance Office. The goal of the project "is to see if a radar satellite can spot and track troop and vehicle movements on the ground in all kinds of weather.... It is estimated that 18 to 24 satellites in orbit could provide continuous unobscured observation of anything that moves or goes under cover....
"The House Appropriations Committee zeroed funding for [the project],... citing technical risk, concern it may cost more than expected and lack of a formal military requirement.... The Pentagon is appealing the cutoff of funds and Defense Secretary William Cohen reportedly is sending a letter to Congress asking the appropriations conference to approve the requested $108 million" for fiscal year 2000.
Hall, R.C. "Post War Strategic Reconnaissance and the Genesis of Project Corona." In Corona -- Between the Earth and the Sun: The First NRO Reconnaissance
Eye in Space, ed. Robert A. McDonald, 25-58. Bethesda, MD: American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 1997.
Hess, Pamela. "Pentagon Will Acquire, Build Spy Satellites." Associated Press, 2 Jul. 2008. [http://www.ap.com]
"The Pentagon will buy and operate one or two commercial imagery satellites and plans to design and build another with more sophisticated spying capabilities, according to government and private industry officials.... The Broad Area Surveillance Intelligence Capability (BASIC) satellite system will cost between $2 billion and $4 billion."
National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) will "buy and operate the satellites." And military commanders "will, for the first time, have the power to dictate what satellites will photograph when they pass overhead. The concept is known as 'assured tasking.'... Military commanders have long desired that kind of tasking control. Now, they submit their requests to a national intelligence authority that prioritizes the missions."
Jehl, Douglas. "Debate on Secret Program Bursts Into Open." New York Times, 10 Dec. 2004. [http://www.nytimes.com]
"An intense secret debate about a previously unknown, enormously expensive technical intelligence program has burst into light in the form of scathing criticism from members of the Senate Intelligence Committee. For two years,... Republicans and Democrats on the panel have voted to block the secret program, which is believed to be a system of new spy satellites. But it continues to be financed ... with support from the House, the Bush administration and Congressional appropriations committees."
Jehl, Douglas. "New Spy Plan Said to Involve Satellite System." New York Times, 12 Dec. 2004. [http://www.nytimes.com]
According to current and former government officials, "[a] highly classified intelligence program that the Senate Intelligence Committee has tried unsuccessfully to kill is a new $9.5 billion spy satellite system that could take photographs only in daylight hours and in clear weather.... The cost of the system, now the single biggest item in the intelligence budget, and doubts about its usefulness have spurred a secret Congressional battle."
Jehl, Douglas. "Review Leads to Upheaval in Spy Satellite Programs." New York Times, 30 Sep. 2005. [http://www.nytimes.com]
A review by DNI John D. Negroponte "is stirring a major upheaval within the country's spy satellite programs." In an announcement last week, the NRO said "that a Boeing Company contract to provide the next generation of reconnaissance satellites, known as the Future Imagery Architecture, was being 'restructured.'" However, according to officials and experts, Negroponte has "ordered that Boeing stop work on a significant part of the project ... under a plan to shift the mission to Lockheed Martin." The part of the program that involves radar-surveillance satellites "would remain with Boeing.... [I]t is not clear whether the proposal goes far enough to answer Congressional demands for deep cuts in spending on reconnaissance satellite programs."
Kiernan, Vincent, and Neil Munro. "U.S. Senator Rails against Spy Satellite." Defense News, 8-14 Fed. 1993, 3, 50.
Kimble,
Kerry L. [LTCOL/USA] "CORONA: The First U.S. Photoreconnaissance Satellite."
Military Intelligence 23, no. 3 (Jul.-Sep. 1997): 46-49.
This is a basic review of the Corona program and some of its accomplishments.
Klass,
Philip J. "CIA Papers Reveal Spy Satellites' Role." Aviation
Week & Space Technology, 16 Jan. 1995, 53, 55.
This article looks at what the 80 recently released National Intelligence Estimates (NIEs) and the discussion at the joint CIA-Harvard conference reveal about the state of U.S. knowledge of Soviet ICBM research and deployment in the late 1950s and early 1960s.
Klass, Philip J. "CIA Reveals Details of Early Spy Satellites." Aviation Week &
Space Technology, 12 Jun. 1995, 167
Klass, Philip J. "Military
Satellites Gain Valuable Data." Aviation Week & Space Technology,
15 Sep. 1969, 55-61.
Krepon,
Michael. "Spying from Space." Foreign Policy 75 (Summer
1989): 92-108.
The author sees a three-tiered system shaping up with regard to the use of space: The first tier (with manned space operations) is the United States and Russia; a second tier includes China, France, Great Britain, India, Israel, and Japan (with satellite launch capabilities); a third tier consists of those countries which will rely on other countries' space assets. A rising trend is the use of commercial satellite images for military applications. Generally, "the diffusion of satellite technology generates problems as well as opportunities for international security."
Krygiel,
Annette J. [D/CIO]
1. "The Central Imagery Office." American Intelligence Journal 15, no. 2 (Autumn/Winter 1994): 68-71.
"Today's [imagery] systems are fragmented and do not form a coherent, responsive, flexible, efficient and effective system to serve the needs of all imagery users." The goal is "a consumer-driven corporate structure with integrated global communications and delivery systems."
2. "The US Imagery System: Accelerated Architecture Acquisition Initiative." American Intelligence Journal 16, no. 2/3 (Autumn/Winter 1995): 41-46.
Discusses the Accelerated Architecture Acquisition Initiative (A3I) and Pilot A3I, designed to enhance support to consumers with imagery products.
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