Abrahams, Doug. "Martin Marietta Wins Billion-Dollar Job." Washington Times, 26 Jul. 1994, B7. Abrahams, Doug. "Martin Marietta Wins Billion-Dollar Job." Washington Times, 26 Jul. 1994, B7.
See also, Ralph Vartabedian, "TRW Contract on Spy Satellites Voided by GAO," Los Angeles Times, 2 Jul. 1994, D1, D2.
Aerospace Daily. Editors. "DARPA Eyes Low-Cost Radar Satellite Constellation." 2 Jun. 1997, 341-342.
Aftergood, Steven. "More Intelligence Imagery to Be Declassified." Secrecy News (from the FAS Project on Government Secrecy), 16 Aug. 2002. [http://www.fas.org]
The National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) "has announced the impending declassification of ... satellite imagery from the KH-7 and KH-9 satellites.... 'The high-resolution KH-7 surveillance imaging satellite, flown from July 1963 to June 1967, monitored key targets such as IBM complexes, radar systems, and hot spots around the globe,' according to the NIMA ... fact sheet. 'The lower-resolution KH-9 mapping system was devoted exclusively to gathering information for mapmaking, and collected imagery from March 1973 to October 1980.'"
Amato, Ivan. "God's
Eyes for Sale." Technology Review, Mar-Apr. 1999, 36-41.
Over the next few years, the number of companies launching high-resolution imagery satellites will increase. Satellite images of reconnaissance-satellite quality will become increasingly available commercially. The focus is on John Hoffman and his company, Aerial Images.
Anselmo,
Joseph C. "House, Senate at Odds Over Intel Smallsats." Aviation Week & Space Technology, 13 Nov. 1995, 24-25.
The Senate intelligence committee has sided with the NRO and DCI Deutch that "smallsat technologies should be examined further before building a spacecraft." Larry Combest, chair of the House intelligence committee, is continuing to push for building a smallsat prototype.
Anselmo, Joseph C. "U.S., Allied Collaboration Urged for Intel Satellites." Aviation Week & Space Technology, 4 Mar. 1996, 25.
The Presidential commission has recommended closer American collaboration with its allies in satellite reconnaissance. The object is to reduce the costs of these expensive systems.
Anselmo, Joseph C.,
and Philip J. Klass. "NRO Embraces Sigint Smallsats." Aviation Week & Space Technology, 29 Sep. 1997, 35.
Aviation Week & Space Technology. Editors. "KH-11 Recons Modified." 9 Oct. 1995, 28.
The KH-11 reconnaissance satellite system is being modified "so it can provide more real-time/broad area coverage.... The new satellite system will have about eight times the data downlink rate" of existing systems.... The resolution capabilities of the modified version will still be relatively high."
Aviation Week & Space Technology. Editors. "Spacecraft Played Vital Role in Gulf War Victory." 22 Apr. 1991, 91.
The focus here is more on problems and lessons learned than on accomplishments. Among the issues mentioned are a backup of satellite imagery at processing facilities, "connectivity" problems, a lack of mapping information for the Gulf area, and insufficient communications satellite capability. The article calls the Navstar Global Positioning System (GPS) a "technological hero of the war."
Aviation Week & Space Technology. Editors. "Space Reconnaissance Dwindles." 6 Oct. 1980, 18-20. [Petersen]
Bamford,
James. "America's Supersecret Eyes in Space." New York Times
Magazine, 13 Jan. 1985, 39 ff. [Petersen]
Barker, Edward L. [CAPT/USNR (Ret.)] "POPPY Reconnaissance Satellite Program." Naval Intelligence Professionals Quarterly 22, no. 2 (Apr. 2006): 23.
POPPY was the successor to GRAB, the first U.S. ELINT satellite. POPPY first flew in 1962 and the last of seven launches was in 1971. The satellite was developed by Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), and after formation of the NRO, was a component of Program C.
Beecher,
William. "Spy Satellites Will Monitor Pacts." Sea Power
15 (Jul.-Aug. 1972): 20-24. [Petersen ]
Behling, Thomas,
and Kenneth McGruther. "Planning Satellite Reconnaissance to Support
Military Operations." Studies in Intelligence, Winter 1998-1999,
113-121.
Given the "design and development lead-times" required for satellites, "by the time the military determines intelligence requirements to support its new doctrine [Joint Vision 2010], it may be too late to influence decisions about the very intelligence support systems upon which the doctrine depends."
Bender,
Bryan. "Space Mission Aims To Fill Critical DoD Mapping Shortfalls."
Jane's Defence Weekly, 8 Sep. 1999.
The upcoming Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavor "aims to create a topographical database which the Department of Defense (DoD) believes is critical for carrying out US military operations successfully.... The mission is a joint DoD-National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) effort. It will develop a 'mosaic' of 80% of the Earth's land surface -- between 60 north and 56 south latitude -- at a resolution of 30m, according to officials."
Bennett,
Ralph K. "U.S. Eyes Over Russia: How Much Can We See?" Reader's
Digest, Oct. 1985, 142-147. [Petersen]
Block, Robert. "U.S. to Expand Domestic Use of Spy Satellites." Wall Street Journal, 15 Aug. 2007, A1. [http://online.wsj.com]
A decision made in May 2007 by DNI Michael McConnell "greatly expanded the range of federal and local authorities who can get access to information from the ... vast network of [U.S.] spy satellites.... The move was authorized in a ... memo sent to Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff asking his department to facilitate access to the spy network on behalf of civilian agencies and law enforcement." DHS's chief intelligence officer, Charles Allen, "will be in charge of the new program."
Bone,
James. "Spy Satellite Resolves to Put Us All in the Picture."
Times (London), 18 Sep. 1999. [http://www.the-times.co.uk]
Comments that if all goes well with the launch of Space Imaging's Ikonos II commercial imaging satellite "anyone with a laptop will [soon] be able to download from the Internet one-metre resolution satellite pictures of any co-ordinate on Earth."
Philip Howard, "Nowhere Left to Hide," Times (London), 18 Sep. 1999, discusses the privacy and civil rights implications of the Ikonos II capabilities.
Brender,
Mark. "Remote-Sensing Satellites: Our Eyes in the Sky." Communicator,
Oct. 1992, 56-57.
Broad,
William J.
1. "Science Seeking Military's Data From Cold War." New York Times, 23 Jun. 1992, A1, B11.
On 28 May 1992, President Bush "signed a directive that cleared the way for environmentalists to use the nation's spy gear and records." Intelligence collection "platforms" which might provide information in monitoring the global environment include satellites, aircraft, ships, and submarines.
2. "Spy Satellites' Early Role Coming Clear." New York Times, 12 Sep. 1995, B5, B10.
Replays some of the recent Corona revelations, with large photographs to illustrate.
3. "U.S. Will Deploy Its Spy Satellites on Nature Mission." New York Times, 27 Nov. 1995, A1, A14 (N).
A new program "is directing spy satellites to study about two dozen ecologically sensitive sites around the world. Ultimately, it is to monitor about 500 sites.... The data will be archived for future generations of scientists and will remain secret for now to conceal the abilities of the nation's reconnaissance systems." Scientists involved in the project note that "spy satellites are better than civilian remote- sensing craft, like Landsat or Spot, which orbit the earth for the United States and France respectively.... For the fiscal year 1996, the Administration requested $17.6 million for the environmental work, and appropriations conferees allotted $15 million."
Brown,
Stuart F. "America's First Eyes in Space." Popular Science,
Feb. 1996, 42-47.
This article is keyed to the release of the Corona photographs. It surveys briefly the development of the U.S. reconnaissance program, and is accompanied by a number of photographs.
Brugioni,
Dino. "Aerial Photography: Reading the Past, Revealing the Future."
Smithsonian 14, no. 12 (Dec. 1984): 150-161.
Bulloch, Chris. "View from the Top -- Intelligence Gathering from Aircraft and Spacecraft." Interavia 39 (Jan. 1984): 543-548. [Petersen]
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