Born, Hans, and Marina Caparini, eds. Democratic Control of Intelligence Services: Containing Rogue Elephants. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2007. Born, Hans, and Marina Caparini, eds. Democratic Control of Intelligence Services: Containing Rogue Elephants. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2007.
According to Peake, Studies 52.1 (Mar. 2008) and Intelligencer 16.1 (Spring 2008), four Western (France, Norway, the United Kingdom, and the United States) and five former Soviet bloc (Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Romania) countries are discussed; there are also articles discussing "the fundamental principles of oversight." Although this work "looks closely at what has been and what needs to be done, it does not address the practical problem of the qualifications of those doing the oversight."
Bruneau, Thomas C., and Steven C. Boraz, eds. Reforming Intelligence: Obstacles to Democratic Control and Effectiveness. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2007.
According to Peake, Studies 52.1 (Mar. 2008) and Intelligencer 16.1 (Spring 2008), this book's 13 chapters include "studies that discuss democratic control and effectiveness in three Western nations -- the United States, the United Kingdom, and France -- and seven new democracies -- Brazil, Taiwan, Argentina, Romania, South Africa, Russia, and the Philippines." Reforming Intelligence "is well documented, well written, and should serve as a foundation for studying this persistent problem."
Reddig, NIPQ 23.4 (Sep. 2007), calls this a "useful and thought provoking compendium of case studies," dealing with "the challenge of maintaining an intelligence establishment in a democratic framework."
Burke,
James F. "Romanian and Soviet Intelligence in the December Revolution."
Intelligence and National Security 8, no. 4 (Oct. 1993): 26-58.
"While Moscow clearly supported the coup, there is only patchy and inconclusive evidence that Moscow was involved in preparing or launching the coup using intelligence assets in Romania."
Deletant,
Dennis.
1. Ceaucescu and the Securitate: Coercion and Dissent in Romania, 1965-1989. London: Hurst, 1995.
Surveillant 4.2: This is a "chilling reconstruction of the notorious secret police state that dominated Romania for over 20 years."
2. "The Securitate and the Police State in Romania: 1948-64." Intelligence and National Security 8, no. 4 (Oct. 1993): 1-25.
This "history of the Securitate in post-war Romania" looks at the "nature of its subservience to its Soviet masters, and ... its relationship to the leadership of the Romanian Communist Party."
3. "The Securitate and the Police State in Romania: 1964-89." Intelligence and National Security 9, no. 1 (Jan. 1994): 22-49.
"Ceaucescu's denunciation of past Securitate abuses and the reforms of 1965-68 created an atmosphere of optimism and an expectation of even broader liberalization.... But such hopes were to be swiftly dashed.... Disillusionment gave way to dissent and the Securitate was quick to act." Ion Mihai Pacepa defected in late July 1978; see his Red Horizons below.
Dunham,
Donald. Zone of Violence. New York: Belmont, 1962.
Petersen: "USIS vs. Soviet authorities in Romania, 1947-1950."
Mark,
Eduard. "The OSS in Romania, 1944-45: An Intelligence Operation of
the Early Cold War." Intelligence and National Security 9, no.
2 (Apr. 1994): 320-344.
Wisner's "first priority was to establish 'the intentions of the Soviet Union regarding Romania'.... The vaunted 'Bishop traffic' ... consisted of fabrications, ambitious but crude.... The best that can be said of the 'Bishop traffic' is that it met with little acceptance outside of the American legation in Bucharest. Even there its influence should not be exaggerated.... Probably the most immediately [?useful] information from Bucharest was the German order of battle information that Madison and Roberts obtained from Soviet headquarters through a Romanian intermediary.... In sum, OSS Bucharest was an indifferently conducted operation in difficult circumstances, which none the less produced some useful if unspectacular[] information."
Matei, Florina Cristiana. "Reconciling Intelligence Effectiveness and Transparency: The Case of Romania." Strategic Insights 6, no. 3 (May 2007). [http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/si/]
The author "examines how Romania managed to reconcile and achieve a tradeoff between the two competing imperatives of operating intelligence in a democracy -- effectiveness and transparency. It analyzes what obstacles Romania overcame to accommodate the effectiveness of its post-communist intelligence system with the public need for information."
Matei, Florina Cristiana (Cris). "Romania's Intelligence Community: From an Instrument of Dictatorship to Serving Democracy." International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 20, no. 4 (Winter 2007): 629-660.
In the early 1990s, Romania replaced the Securitate with six intelligence agencies. These "agencies conduct domestic and foreign intelligence and counter or security intelligence, as well as military/police intelligence. They have human intelligence (HUMINT), signals intelligence (SIGINT), and imaging intelligence (IMINT) capabilities and can use undercover agents." Today, "Romanian intelligence has transitioned from a tool of the Communist dictatorship to a professional, transparent, and effective intelligence community, under democratic control."
Moore, Molly. "Report Gives Details on CIA Prisons: NATO Pacts Exploited, European Probe Finds." Washington Post, 9 Jun. 2007, A1. [http://www.washingtonpost.com]
According to an investigative report completed for the Council of Europe and released in Paris on 8 June 2007, "[t]he CIA exploited NATO military agreements to help it run secret prisons in Poland and Romania where alleged terrorists were held in solitary confinement for months, shackled and subjected to other mental and physical torture.... Officials speaking on behalf of the CIA, NATO, Poland and Romania ... criticized the report's findings."
Mutler, Alison. ["Romania:
Defector Acquitted of Treason."] Associated Press, 7 Jun. 1999.
On 7 June 1999, Ion Pacepa, former deputy head of Romanian foreign intelligence, was acquitted of treason by Romania's highest court. After his defection in 1978, Pacepa had been convicted in absentia and sentenced to death.
Pacepa,
Ion Mihai. "The Arafat I Know." Wall Street Journal, 10
Jan. 2002.
The former head of the Romanian foreign intelligence service, who defected to the West in 1978, claims to have aided the Soviet KGB in the indoctrination and training of PLO Chairman Yasir Arafat.
Pacepa,
Ion Mihai. Red Horizons: Chronicles of a Communist Spy Chief. Washington,
DC: Regnery, 1987. London: Heinemann, 1988.
According to Baldwin, I&NS 5.3, Pacepa defected to the West in July 1978, from his position as head of the Romanian foreign intelligence service, Departamentul de Informatii Externe (DIE). This is essentially "a sanitized version of his own role in the events he describes.... The major enterprises of the DIE here chronicled have to do with aid for the PLO ... and Libya."
Perlez, Jane. "Romania
Still Divided by Issue of Opening Old Secret Police Files." New
York Times, 4 Feb. 1998, A3.
Persak, Krzysztof, and Lukasz Kaminski, eds. A Handbook of the Communist Security Apparatus in East Central Rurope, 1944-1989. Warsaw, Poland: Institute of National Remembrance, 2005.
Holland, IJI&C 19.2 (Summer 2006), sees this as an "exceptionally useful volume." Although the "volume's chapters are uneven,... each chapter provides a dependable base line of information."
Schmidt, Jürgen. "'Political Police' and German Occupational Forces in Romania, Fall 1918." Journal of Intelligence History 1, no. 2 (Winter 2001). [http://www.intelligence-history.org/jih/previous.html]
Williams, Kieran, and Dennis Deletant. Security Intelligence Services in New Democracies: The Czech Republic, Slovakia and Romania. London: Palgrave, in association with the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College, London, 2001.
From advertisement: "After explaining the structure and workings of two of [Eastern Europe's] most feared services, Czechoslovakia's StB and Romania's Securitate, the authors detail the creation of new security intelligence institutions, the development of contacts with the West, and forms of democratic control."
Wiant, Studies 46.4, finds that this work "is serious scholarship, rich in the theories of democratization and with a well-considered framework for comparative analysis of the progress that the new governments have made. The authors provide excellent, brief histories of the security services, and detail the unique circumstances that have characterized the development of each one." While "all three governments have institutionalized some legislative oversight and executive control over the security services,... they have followed quite different courses toward these objectives.... Overall, however, legislative scrutiny remains relatively weak in all three countries.... At the present, the wide-open and spirited press, living off leaks from within the services, is the most effective watchdog over these organizations."
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