1. Slovakia
2. Spain
3. Sri Lanka
4. Sudan
5. Switzerland
Williams, Kieran, and Dennis Deletant. Security Intelligence Services in New Democracies: The Czech Republic, Slovakia and Romania. London: Palgrave, in association with the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College, London, 2001.
From advertisement: "After explaining the structure and workings of two of [Eastern Europe's] most feared services, Czechoslovakia's StB and Romania's Securitate, the authors detail the creation of new security intelligence institutions, the development of contacts with the West, and forms of democratic control."
Wiant, Studies 46.4, finds that this work "is serious scholarship, rich in the theories of democratization and with a well-considered framework for comparative analysis of the progress that the new governments have made. The authors provide excellent, brief histories of the security services, and detail the unique circumstances that have characterized the development of each one." While "all three governments have institutionalized some legislative oversight and executive control over the security services,... they have followed quite different courses toward these objectives.... Overall, however, legislative scrutiny remains relatively weak in all three countries.... At the present, the wide-open and spirited press, living off leaks from within the services, is the most effective watchdog over these organizations."
Alexander,
Yonah, Michael S. Swetnam, and.Herbert M. Levine. ETA: Profile of a Terrorist Group. Ardsley, NY: Transnational, 2001.
Advertisement: "This group, formed in 1959, is one of the oldest West European terrorist structures still continuing its attacks on Spain and France in the name of Basque nationalism."
Arostegui, Martin C.
"Spy Ring for Cuba Uncovered." Miami Herald, 19 Jan.
1999. [http://www.herald.com]
Spanish prosecutors "have charged five members of Spanish military intelligence and a businessman of spying for the Cuban government. The ring's activity involved secret meetings in Miami between the Spanish spies and their Cuban handlers, plus money laundering, industrial espionage and disseminating disinformation favorable to Cuba."
Brodeur, Jean-Paul, Peter Gill, and Dennis Töllborg, eds. Democracy, Law and Security: Internal Security Services in Contemporary Europe. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003.
Peake, Studies 47.3 (2003), notes that this work is "drawn from papers presented at two symposia in Gothenburg, Sweden, that compare intelligence services in 10 countries: Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The various chapters look at historical, organizational, and political differences.... In most cases, very little has been published in English about the services discussed, and that enhances the book’s importance. For students of intelligence, and especially counterintelligence, this is a very worthwhile contribution."
For Henderson, IJI&C 17.3, this work "provides useful background reference material on several less well-known European domestic security systems." However, "the index and bibliography ... are generally weak"; and the "collection lacks, except for Spain, organizational charts for the various national communities and individual services."
Chandrasekaran, Rajiv. "7 Spaniards Killed In Iraqi Ambush." Washington Post, 30 Nov. 2003, A1. [http://www.washingtonpost.com]
"More than a dozen insurgents ambushed and killed seven Spanish intelligence officers on [29 November 2003] on a highway near [Latifiya,] south of Baghdad.... Spain's defense minister, Frederico Trillo, said in a televised address that the soldiers, from the country's National Intelligence Center, had eaten lunch in Baghdad and were 'on their way to carry out reconnaissance in the area.'"
CNN, "Spain: Intelligence Agents 'Assassinated' in Iraq," 29 Nov. 2003 [http://www.cnn.com], adds that Spain's defense minister said in his "brief, grim statement" that "[s]even agents of the National Intelligence Center have been assassinated. An eighth has survived."
Diaz, Antonio. "Spanish Intelligence During the Second Republic and the Civil War: 1931-1939." Journal of Intelligence History 6, no. 1 (Summer 2006). [http://www.intelligence-history.org/jih/journal.html]
Díaz Fernández, Antonio M.
1. "Halfway Down the Road to Supervision of the Spanish Intelligence Services." Intelligence and National Security 21, no. 3 (Jun. 2006): 440-456.
From abstract: "Supervision ever since the transition to democracy is still unfinished business, as was clearly demonstrated by the difficulties experienced in the work of the commission of inquiry into the terrorist attack of 11 March 2004."
The Higher Defense Intelligence Center (CESID) was created in 1977. The reforms of May 2002 replaced CESID with the Centro Nacional de Inteligencia (CNI). The author argues that, even with recent reform efforts, parliamentary and judicial "supervision of CNI remains a virtual fallacy."
2. Los servicios de inteligencia españoles: Desde la guerra civil hasta el 11-M. Historia de una transición. [Spain:] Alianza Editorial, 2005.
Aftergood, Secrecy News, 2 Jun. 2005, notes that this "is the first comprehensive treatment" of the intelligence and security services in Spain. The work includes "an introduction to the field of intelligence for general readers and a comprehensive assessment of the services of other countries."
Frank,
Willard C. "Politico-Military Deception at Sea in the Spanish Civil
War, 1936-39." Intelligence and National Security 5, no. 3 (Jul.
1990): 84-112.
In a military contest where the two sides were roughly balanced in fighting power, "[s]upply was the key to victory, and most of it had to come by sea." The focus here is on two aspects of deception: "(1) deception and maritime arms traffic. and (2) clandestine naval intervention." The author finds that "German deception was the most successful of all, both in the supply effort and in clandestine submarine warfare, the result of favorable conditions, intense care and good luck."
Hugon, Alain. Au Service du roi catholique: "Honorables ambassadeurs" et "Divins espions": Représentation diplomatique et service secret dans les relations hispano-françaises de 1598 a 1635. [In the Service of the Catholic King: "Honorable Ambassadors" and "Divine Spies": Diplomatic Representation and Secret Service in Hispano-French Relations from 1598 to 1635] Madrid: Casa de Velazquez, 2004.
According to Kahn, I&NS 23.2 (Apr. 2008), "[a]mong the many excellences of this work are its data base of information about 240 spies and informers, with summaries of what is known about their persons and work."
Kahn, David. "Intelligence Studies on the Continent." Initelligence and National Security 23, no. 2 (Apr. 2008): 249-275.
The scholarship of David Kahn never ceases to amaze. Here, he reviews the literature on intelligence coming out of France, Germany, and Spain.
Storrs, Christopher. "Intelligence and the Formulation of Policy and Strategy in Early Modern Europe: The Spanish Monarchy in the Reign of Charles II (1665-1700)." Intelligence and National Security 21, no. 4 (Aug. 2006): 493-519.
From abstract: "There was nothing particularly distinctive about Spain's intelligence machinery. Nor was it always effective.... [However,] intelligence contributed to the remarkable resilience of the Spanish Monarchy in an age of supposed Spanish decline."
Woodworth, Paddy. Dirty War, Clean Hands: ETA, the GAL, and Spanish Democracy. Rev. & updated. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003.
According to Jonkers, AFIO WIN 11-03, 19 Mar. 2003, the author "describes the policies of the Spanish government in combating the Basque terrorist group ETA over the past 40 years. He reflects on what happens when a democratic administration begins to use terrorist methods ... against a terrorist group.... He argues that such a strategy undermines democracy's best arguments against terrorism in principle, and has a deeply negative effect in practice."
Ball,
Desmond J. Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) in South Asia: India, Pakistan,
Sri Lanka (Ceylon). Canberra: Strategic and Defence Studies Centre,
1996.
Kruh, Cryptologia 21.1, finds that this "slim volume ... hold[s] a voluminous amount of information on signals intelligence in South Asia." The author covers intelligence establishments, organizational aspects, facilities, capabilities, and efficiency and effectiveness.
Shane, Scott. "C.I.A. Role in Visit of Sudan Intelligence Chief Causes Dispute Within Administration." New York Times, 18 Jun. 2005. [http://www.nytimes.com]
According to administration officials on 17 June 2005, the CIA's decision "to fly Sudan's intelligence chief [Salah Abdallah Gosh] to Washington in a C.I.A. jet in April set off a dispute inside the Bush administration, with some officials arguing that such recognition for a government accused of genocide and ties to terrorism sent a regrettable signal."
Click for Switzerland in World War II.
Wylie, Neville. "'The Importance of Being Honest': Switzerland, Neutrality and the Problems of Intelligence Collection and Liaison." Intelligence and National Security 21, no 5 (Oct. 2006): 782-808.
The period since the end of the Cold War has seen the Swiss intelligence community undergo a "profound transformation[].... The new emphasis given to international cooperation in the country's defence and security policy has impacted directly on the field of secret intelligence."
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