Bruneau, Thomas C., and Steven C. Boraz, eds. Reforming Intelligence: Obstacles to Democratic Control and Effectiveness. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2007.1. Philippines
2. Portugal
3. Slovakia
4. Sri Lanka
5. Sudan
6. Switzerland
7. Tajikistan
8. Thailand
9. Turkmenistan
Bruneau, Thomas C., and Steven C. Boraz, eds. Reforming Intelligence: Obstacles to Democratic Control and Effectiveness. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2007.
According to Peake, Studies 52.1 (Mar. 2008) and Intelligencer 16.1 (Spring 2008), this book's 13 chapters include "studies that discuss democratic control and effectiveness in three Western nations -- the United States, the United Kingdom, and France -- and seven new democracies -- Brazil, Taiwan, Argentina, Romania, South Africa, Russia, and the Philippines." Reforming Intelligence "is well documented, well written, and should serve as a foundation for studying this persistent problem."
Reddig, NIPQ 23.4 (Sep. 2007), calls this a "useful and thought provoking compendium of case studies," dealing with "the challenge of maintaining an intelligence establishment in a democratic framework."
Manila Times. "Former Aide of GMA Heads AFP Intelligence." 10 Mar. 2006. [http://www.manilatimes.net]
On 9 March 2006, Leonardo Calderon, a former military aide to President Arroyo, "took over as the new head of the Intelligence Service of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (Isafp), the military’s main intelligence arm."
Shanker, Thom. "U.S. Military Unit to Stay in Philippines." New York Times, 21 Aug. 2009. [http://www.nytimes.com]
According to Pentagon officials, Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates will keep the "elite 600-troop counterinsurgency operation," known as the Joint Special Operations Task Force-Philippines, "deployed in the Philippines despite pressure to reassign its members to fulfill urgent needs elsewhere such as Afghanistan or Iraq.... Senior officials say the American force and partners in the Central Intelligence Agency were instrumental in successes by the Filipino armed forces in killing and capturing leaders of the militant group Abu Sayyaf and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front."
Click for reportage concerning Portugal in World War II.
Cann, John P. Counterinsurgency in Africa: The Portuguese Way of War, 1961-74. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1997.
Campbell, IJI&C 11.4, notes that this book "covers Portugal's counterinsurgency campaigns ... in three of its colonies: Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea." The author depends heavily on interviews with participants. "On the whole, Portuguese forces were seldom caught by surprise, suggesting that their intelligence system functioned efficiently."
Williams, Kieran, and Dennis Deletant. Security Intelligence Services in New Democracies: The Czech Republic, Slovakia and Romania. London: Palgrave, in association with the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College, London, 2001.
From advertisement: "After explaining the structure and workings of two of [Eastern Europe's] most feared services, Czechoslovakia's StB and Romania's Securitate, the authors detail the creation of new security intelligence institutions, the development of contacts with the West, and forms of democratic control."
Wiant, Studies 46.4, finds that this work "is serious scholarship, rich in the theories of democratization and with a well-considered framework for comparative analysis of the progress that the new governments have made. The authors provide excellent, brief histories of the security services, and detail the unique circumstances that have characterized the development of each one." While "all three governments have institutionalized some legislative oversight and executive control over the security services,... they have followed quite different courses toward these objectives.... Overall, however, legislative scrutiny remains relatively weak in all three countries.... At the present, the wide-open and spirited press, living off leaks from within the services, is the most effective watchdog over these organizations."
Ball, Desmond J. Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) in South Asia: India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka (Ceylon). Canberra: Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, 1996.
Kruh, Cryptologia 21.1, finds that this "slim volume ... hold[s] a voluminous amount of information on signals intelligence in South Asia." The author covers intelligence establishments, organizational aspects, facilities, capabilities, and efficiency and effectiveness.
Shane, Scott. "C.I.A. Role in Visit of Sudan Intelligence Chief Causes Dispute Within Administration." New York Times, 18 Jun. 2005. [http://www.nytimes.com]
According to administration officials on 17 June 2005, the CIA's decision "to fly Sudan's intelligence chief [Salah Abdallah Gosh] to Washington in a C.I.A. jet in April set off a dispute inside the Bush administration, with some officials arguing that such recognition for a government accused of genocide and ties to terrorism sent a regrettable signal."
Click for Switzerland in World War II.
Broad, William J., and David E. Sanger. "In Nuclear Net's Undoing, a Web of Shadowy Deals." New York Times, 25 Aug. 2008. [http://www.nytimes.com]
Swiss engineers, Friedrich Tinner and his two sons, have been accused of working with Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, "the Pakistani bomb pioneer-turned-nuclear black marketeer." However, interviews with current and former Bush administration officials point to "a clandestine relationship between the Tinners and the C.I.A." Several of these officials say that CIA operatives "paid the Tinners as much as $10 million" to supply "a flow of secret information that helped end Libya's bomb program, reveal Iran's atomic labors and, ultimately, undo Dr. Khan's nuclear black market."
Drozdiak, William. "Swiss Accuse Israeli Agents of Espionage." Washington Post,
27 Feb. 1998, A27, A32.
Wylie, Neville. "'The Importance of Being Honest': Switzerland, Neutrality and the Problems of Intelligence Collection and Liaison." Intelligence and National Security 21, no 5 (Oct. 2006): 782-808.
The period since the end of the Cold War has seen the Swiss intelligence community undergo a "profound transformation[].... The new emphasis given to international cooperation in the country's defence and security policy has impacted directly on the field of secret intelligence."
Lefebvre, Stéphane, and Roger N. McDermott. "Russia and the Intelligence Services of Central Asia." International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 21, no. 2 (Summer 2008): 251-301.
The authors cover Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, as well as "Russia's lingering influence." The authors conclude that "the main intelligence agency in each of the Central Asian states has yet to operate similarly to those of mature democracies. For the most part, none is transparent or subject to any kind of rigorous review or oversight. In addition to traditional intelligence gathering functions, each has law enforcement powers that are at times used discriminately in support of the political regime in power."
Aldrich, Richard J. The Key to the South: Britain, the United States, and Thailand During the Approach of the Pacific War, 1929-1942. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1993.
According to Surveillant 3.2/3, Aldrich "examines the accelerating Western struggle with Japan for control over 'independent' Thailand.... Many clandestine aspects of this struggle are explored for the first time." Kruh, Cryptologia 18.1, notes that "[a]lthough this excellent, meticulously researched study ... does not focus on espionage or other types of intelligence, it contains numerous references to clandestine activities."
Ettinger, Glenn. "Thailand's Defeat of Its Communist Party." International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 20, no. 4 (Winter 2007): 661-677.
This article is based on the author's conversations between 2004 and 2006 with retired police Maj. Gen. Ari Kaributra, "the architect of the strategy to defeat Communism in Thailand," and "two of his key subordinates who participated in executing the program."
Osornprasop, Sutayut. "Amidst the Heat of the Cold War in Asia: Thailand and the American Secret War in Indochina (1960-74)." Cold War History 7, no. 3 (Aug. 2007): 349-371.
From abstract: This article presents "new findings on covert Thai intervention in Laos, in association with the United States, during the Vietnam War." It is "[b]ased on the new release of declassified US official documents and recent interviews with former diplomatic, intelligence and military officers from Laos, Thailand and the United States who were directly involved in the conflicts."
Lefebvre, Stéphane, and Roger N. McDermott. "Russia and the Intelligence Services of Central Asia." International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 21, no. 2 (Summer 2008): 251-301.
The authors cover Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, as well as "Russia's lingering influence." The authors conclude that "the main intelligence agency in each of the Central Asian states has yet to operate similarly to those of mature democracies. For the most part, none is transparent or subject to any kind of rigorous review or oversight. In addition to traditional intelligence gathering functions, each has law enforcement powers that are at times used discriminately in support of the political regime in power."
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