Andre, Christopher. "The Future of European Security and the Role of Intelligence." Irish Studies in International Affairs 8 (1997): 49-56. Andre, Christopher. "The Future of European Security and the Role of Intelligence." Irish Studies in International Affairs 8 (1997): 49-56.
Bures, Oldrich. "EU Counterterrorism Policy: A Paper Tiger?" Terrorism and Political Violence 18, no. 1 (2006): 57 – 78.
Donath, Jaap. "A European Community Intelligence Organization." Defense Intelligence Journal 2, no. 1 (Spring 1993): 15-33.
The European Community (EC) "needs a strategic intelligence organization comparable to the Central Intelligence Agency.... [T]he ECIO should not engage in covert actions.... Its most important task would be the analysis of overtly gathered information and preparing it for use by the policymakers.... It would ... be advisable to begin the ECIO on a small scale and only as a coordinating body for intelligence gathered by the national intelligence services. The model for such a system could be Interpol.... For the long-term prospect the ECIO should become an organization which recruits and trains its own personnel for all the information gathering."
Dubois, Dorine. "The Attacks of 11 September: EU-US Cooperation against Terrorism in the Field of Justice and Home Affairs." European Foreign Affairs Review 7, no. 3 (2002): 317-335.
Duke, Simon. "Intelligence, Security and Information Flows in CFSP." Intelligence and National Security 21, no. 4 (Aug. 2006): 604-630.
From abstract: "This article traces the growth of the intelligence support role that a number of relatively small bodies have assumed within the European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy [CFSP].... The article concludes that a new type of intelligence capability is gradually emerging at the European level."
Hess, Sigurd. "Intelligence Cooperation in Europe 1990 to the Present." Journal of Intelligence History 3, no. 1 (Summer 2003). [http://www.intelligence-history.org/ jih/previous.html]
From abstract: This article "addresses the many forms of [European] bilateral and multilateral intelligence cooperation.... The many obstacles to the development of a European intelligence policy as well as the factors driving the intelligence cooperation are discussed. Whether EU members have the political will and enough financial resources necessary to implement the momentous Helsinki declarations of December 1999 will also set the pace for an European intelligence policy."
Müller-Wille, Björn. "Improving the Democratic Accountability of EU Intelligence." Intelligence and National Security 21, no. 1 (Feb. 2006): 100-128.
The author "identifies the establishment of mechanisms for quality control of EU intelligence as the main challenge at the EU level."
Nomikos, John M. "A European Union Intelligence Service for Confronting Terrorism." International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 18, no. 2 (Summer 2005): 191-203.
The author argues that "the European Union should establish [a] ... permanent European Union Intelligence Service" (EUIS). It "should initially be small in size, and be primarily a gathering point for information coming from the national intelligence organizations of the EU member-states."
Vaz Antunes, Joao Nuno Jorge. "The European Union: Developing an Intelligence Capability." Studies in Intelligence 49, no. 4 (2005): 65-70.
A Portuguese Major General, the author "directs the European Union Military Staff's Intelligence Division." Here, he outlines the origins, mission, and structure of the EU's Military Staff and its Intelligence Division.
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