Office of the Director of National Intelligence. "National Open Source Enterprise." Intelligence Community Directive Number 301 [ICD 301]. Washington, DC: 11 Jul. 2006. [Available at: http://www.fas.org/irp/dni/icd/icd-301.pdf] Office of the Director of National Intelligence. "National Open Source Enterprise." Intelligence Community Directive Number 301 [ICD 301]. Washington, DC: 11 Jul. 2006. [Available at: http://www.fas.org/irp/dni/icd/icd-301.pdf]
ICD 301 establishes DNI "policy and specifies responsibilities for the oversight. management, and implementation of IC open source activities." It "recognizes and establishes the roles and responsibilities of the Assistant Deputy DNI for Open Source (ADDNI/OS), the DNI Open Source Center (the Center). and the IC to ensure efficient and effective use of open source information and analysis.... Open source strategy development, programmatic oversight, and evaluation will be centralized under the ADDNI/OS. Open source activities will be executed in a distributed manner....
"DNI Open Source Center and D/CIA as Executive Agent
"a. The Center serves to advance the IC's exploitation of open source material and nurtures acquisition, procurement, analysis, dissemination, and sharing of open source information, products, and services throughout the USG.
"b. Under the overall guidance of the DNI, the D/CIA serves as the DNI's Executive agent for the Center, with day-to-day management delegated to the Center director and operating the Center under all relevant authorities available to the CIA. The Center director reports directly to the Deputy D/CIA in executing strategy, policy, and program guidance established by the DNI. The ADDNI/OS establishes open source strategy, policy, and prograrm guidance for the Center and other IC elements....
"c. The Center is established at CIA and builds on the former Foreign Broadcast Information Service. It will include personnel from across the IC and other USG organizations.
"d. The Center director is selected and appointed by the CIA with the concurrence of the DNI. The Center director reports to the Deputy D/CIA for day-to-day management. The Center director has two deputy directors (at least one of the deputy directors is from an IC element other than CIA). The Center director will select Center staff and manage the Center's overall operations.
"e. The Center's budget will remain a separate expenditure center within the CIA Program, and it may not be taxed or reprogrammed without DNI approval."
Office of the Director of National Intelligence. Public Affairs Office. "Senior Leadership Positions Announced." ODNI News Release No. 7-05. Washington, DC: 7 Dec. 2005 [http://www.fas.org/irp/news/2005/12/odni120705.html]
Eliot A. Jardines, Assistant Deputy Director of National Intelligence for Open Source, "is responsible for developing strategic direction, establishing policy and managing fiscal resources for open source exploitation for the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI)."
Ogle, James V. "The Intelligence of Literature." Studies in Intelligence 7, no. 4 (Fall 1963): 23-29.
In his following of the open literature, the author finds a reemergence of the trends that culminated in the 1956 Hungarian revolt.
O'Harrow, Robert, Jr. "Even Spies Go to Trade Conferences." Washington Post, 13 Sep. 2008, D1. [http://www.washingtonpost.com]
The reporter visits the "trade show and conference" organized by the O/DNI "to promote using open sources of information such as the Internet and television broadcasts as part of the intelligence process.... The heavy presence of contractors, both in the exhibition halls and seminar rooms, also shows the growing reliance on the private sector."
Pringle, Robert W. "The Limits of OSINT: Diagnosing the Soviet Media, 1985-1989." International
Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 16, no. 2 (Summer 2003): 280-289.
"Without human and technical intelligence, open source intelligence can be important, but of limited utility for the strategic intelligence analyst, because of the very nature of the material. Moreover, during a period of change -- such as the Soviet Union between 1985 and 1988 -- open source intelligence has to be especially carefully used."
Pughe, George A. "The Dust That Isn't There." Studies in Intelligence 2, no. 2 (Spring 1958): 71-74.
Reports on the Air Intelligence Division's efforts to exploit the Soviet Union and its satellites for scientific, technical, and other information.
Rathmell, Andrew, and Lorenzo Valeri. "Implementing Open Source Intelligence." Jane's Intelligence Review, Nov. 1997, 523-527.
Seymour: "Reviews the results of a study to discover 'just how effective is the information revolution for intelligence purposes?'"
Sands, Amy. "Integrating Open Sources into Transnational Threat Assessments." In Transforming U.S. Intelligence, eds Jennifer E. Sims and Burton L. Gerber, 63-78. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2005.
Sigurdson, Jon, and
Patricia Nelson. "Intelligence Gathering and Japan: The Elusive Role
of Grey Intelligence." International Journal of Intelligence and
Counterintelligence 5, no. 1 (Spring 1991): 17-34.
Steele, Robert David [multiple items on open source and intelligence reform].
Studeman, William O.
[ADM/USN] "Teaching the Giant to Dance: Contradictions and Opportunities
in Open Source Information within the Intelligence Community." American
Intelligence Journal 14, no. 2 & 3 (Spring/Summer 1993): 11-18.
Remarks made at Symposium on "National Security and National Competitiveness: Open Source Solutions," McLean, VA, December 1992.
Thompson, Clive. "Open-Source Spying." New York Times, 3 Dec. 2006. [http://www.nytimes.com]
"When the intelligence services were computerized in the '90s, they ... digitally replicated their cold-war divisions -- each one building a multimillion-dollar system that allowed the agency to share information internally but not readily with anyone outside." For instance, the FBI "terminals were connected to one another -- but not to the computers at any other agency, and vice versa." Dale Meyerrose, the DNI's chief information officer, has "the daunting task of developing mechanisms to allow the various agencies' aging and incompatible systems to swap data."
The article also discusses the use of such approaches to information sharing in the intelligence community as Intelink, Intellipedia, wikis, and blogs.
U.S. Central Intelligence
Agency. Preparing U.S. Intelligence for the Information Age: Coping With
the Information Overload. Washington, DC: 1993.
Surveillant 3.2/3: "The Scientific and Technical Committee (STIC) Open-Source Subcommittee ... believes there is an urgent need to develop automated tools for coping with information overload. The report gives an awareness of the extent of the problem."
U.S. Department of the Army. Open Source Intelligence. FMI [Field Manual Interim] 2-22.9. Washington, DC: Headquarter, Department of the Army, Dec. 2006. [Available at: http://www.fas.org/blog/secrecy/]
"This manual expedites delivery of doctrine that the proponent has approved for immediate use in training and operations. The manual facilitates a common understanding of Army open source intelligence (OSINT) operations. As interim doctrine, it serves as a catalyst for analysis and development of Army OSINT training, concepts, materiel, and force structure. It brings Army intelligence doctrine in line with the characterization of OSINT as an intelligence discipline in Joint Publication 2-0."
Wallner, Paul F. "Open
Sources and the Intelligence Community: Myths and Realities." American
Intelligence Journal 14, nos. 2 & 3 (Spring/Summer 1993): 19-24.
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