LATIN AMERICA

Other Countries

Included here:

1. Bolivia

2. Colombia

3. Dominican Republic

4. Guyana (British Guiana)

5. Haiti

6. Panama

7. Paraguay

8. Uruguay

1. Bolivia

Kirkland, Robert O. "Colonel Edward Fox and the 1964 Bolivian Coup." International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 18, no. 3 (Fall 2005): 473-482.

The author concludes that "documents and interviews show clearly that neither [U.S. Air Force Attaché Edward] Fox nor the Embassy were involved in the overthrow" of Bolivian President Victor Paz by Gen. René Barrientos in November 1964.

McSherry, J. Patrice. "Operation Condor: Clandestine Inter-American System." Social Justice 26, no. 4 (Winter 1999): 144-175.

This article traces "[a]nti-insurrection collusion among the intelligence services of the 'southern cone' countries of Argentina, Brazil and Chile, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay." Swenson, IJI&C 16.1/127/fn25.

McSherry, J. Patrice. Predatory States: Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005.

From publisher: "Operation Condor was a military network created in the 1970s to eliminate political opponents of Latin American regimes. Its key members were the anticommunist dictatorships of Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Brazil, later joined by Peru and Ecuador, with covert support from the U.S. government." The author draws "on a wealth of testimonies, declassified files, and Latin American primary sources." McSherry "shows how, using extralegal and terrorist methods, Operation Condor hunted down, seized, and executed political opponents across borders."

2. Colombia

Boraz, Steven C. "Establishing Democratic Control of Intelligence in Colombia." International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 19, no. 1 (Spring 2006): 84-109.

"In reviewing the oversight regime in Colombia, the strides made by the executive branch ... have been impressive.... The country's leadership is providing clearer policy, has organized the community to better serve its needs, and is now following up to determine the efficacy of the intelligence community.... [T]hat no legislative oversight exists at all is troublesome."

See the author's update at "Reader's Forum: Updating the Colombia Situation," International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 19, no. 2 (Summer 2006): 384.

Bowden, Mark. Killing Pablo: The Hunt for the World's Greatest Outlaw. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2001.

According to Wiant, Studies 46.1, this work focuses on the effort by U.S. law enforcement and intelligence organizations and Colombian authorities to track down Medellin drug kingpin Pablo Escobar. The author "details the activities of Centra Spike ... and Delta Force ... in their 16-month campaign." The sourcing of operational information is, as might be expected, uneven; and "the reader will have some difficulty in sorting out fact from speculation.... Nevertheless, the author has produced a useful study of how a well integrated program of human and technical intelligence collection ... can take law enforcement operations to the narcotrafficker's doorstep."

Villamizar, Andres. La Reforma de la Inteligencia: Un Imperativo Democratico [The Reform of Intelligence: A Democratic Imperative]. Colombia: Editorial Kimpres, 2004.

Orellana, Studies 50.4 (2006), notes that the author "calls for political transparency and increased effectiveness in the Colombian intelligence reform process." Villamizar presents the view that "Colombia lacks a functional intelligence community.... [I]ntelligence agencies operate independently, are routinely assigned to carry out intelligence functions under vague control mechanisms, and suffer through repeated instances of duplication of effort, inter-service jealousies and professional rivalries.... . Lacking are clearly defined missions and roles, foreign collection capabilities, and the trust of the country’s highest political and military circles."

3. Dominican Republic

Diederich, Bernard. Trujillo: The Death of the Goat. Boston: Little, Brown, 1978.

Petersen: "Alleged CIA involvement in the assassination of Trujillo."

Palmer, Bruce, Jr. Intervention in the Caribbean: The Dominican Crisis of 1965. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1990.

Yates, Lawreance A. "Mounting an Intervention: The Dominican Republic, 1965." Military Review 69, no. 3 (1989): 50-62.

4. Guyana (British Guiana)

Weiner, Tim. "Kennedy-C.I.A. Plot Returns to Haunt Clinton." New York Times, 30 Oct. 1994.

When President Clinton prepared to nominate the executive director of the American Institute for Free Labor Development, William C. Doherty, Jr., as Ambassador to Guyana, he discovered that Doherty had been part of the CIA covert action in British Guiana in the early 1960s that replaced Cheddi Jagan with Forbes Burnham. Jagan returned to power in 1992, and derailed Doherty's nomination.

5. Haiti

Click for materials on Operation Uphold Democracy.

6. Panama

Click for materials on Operation Just Cause (1989).

Dinges, John. Our Man in Panama: How General Noreiga Used the U.S. -- and Made Millions in Drugs and Arms. New York: Random House, 1990.

According to Surveillant 1.1, Dinges -- an "award-winning journalist" -- covers "Noriega's rise to power with the help of the U.S. intelligence community."

7. Paraguay

McSherry, J. Patrice. "Operation Condor: Clandestine Inter-American System." Social Justice 26, no. 4 (Winter 1999): 144-175.

This article traces "[a]nti-insurrection collusion among the intelligence services of the 'southern cone' countries of Argentina, Brazil and Chile, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay." Swenson, IJI&C 16.1/127/fn25.

McSherry, J. Patrice. Predatory States: Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005.

From publisher: "Operation Condor was a military network created in the 1970s to eliminate political opponents of Latin American regimes. Its key members were the anticommunist dictatorships of Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Brazil, later joined by Peru and Ecuador, with covert support from the U.S. government." The author draws "on a wealth of testimonies, declassified files, and Latin American primary sources." McSherry "shows how, using extralegal and terrorist methods, Operation Condor hunted down, seized, and executed political opponents across borders."

8. Uruguay

McSherry, J. Patrice. "Operation Condor: Clandestine Inter-American System." Social Justice 26, no. 4 (Winter 1999): 144-175.

This article traces "[a]nti-insurrection collusion among the intelligence services of the 'southern cone' countries of Argentina, Brazil and Chile, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay." Swenson, IJI&C 16.1/127/fn25.

McSherry, J. Patrice. Predatory States: Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005.

From publisher: "Operation Condor was a military network created in the 1970s to eliminate political opponents of Latin American regimes. Its key members were the anticommunist dictatorships of Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Brazil, later joined by Peru and Ecuador, with covert support from the U.S. government." The author draws "on a wealth of testimonies, declassified files, and Latin American primary sources." McSherry "shows how, using extralegal and terrorist methods, Operation Condor hunted down, seized, and executed political opponents across borders."

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