LATIN AMERICA

Historical and General

Included here:

1. Historical

2. General

1. Historical

Bisher, Jamie. "German and Chilean Agents in Peru: Entwined by a Yen for Espionage." International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 6, no. 2 (Summer 1993): 205-212.

Dyer, George B., and Charlotte L. Dyer. "The Beginnings of a United States Strategic Intelligence System in Latin America, 1809-1826." Military Affairs 14, no. 2 (1950): 65-83. [Petersen]

2. General

Adams, Jan S. A Foreign Policy in Transition: Moscow's Retreat from Central America and the Caribbean, 1985-1992. Durham, NC: Duke University, 1993. F2178S65A25

Arnson, Cynthia. Crossroads: Congress, the President, and Central America, 1976-1992. 2d ed. University Park, PA: Penn State Press, 1993. F14368U6A761993

Barber, Willard F., and C. Neale Ronning. Internal Security and Military Power: Counterinsurgency and Civic Action in Latin America. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University, 1966.

Dinges, John. The Condor Years: How Pinochet and His Allies Brought Terrorism to Three Continents. New York: New Press, 2003.

From advertisement: "This is the underground history of the international Dirty Wars by U.S. allies in South America. For much of a decade, six allied military governments engaged in secret warfare intended to wipe out their enemies.... At the initiative of Chilean president General Augusto Pinochet,... they set up a multinational terrorist organization, Operation Condor, to pursue those who escaped to other Latin American countries, Europe and the United States."

Maxwell, FA, Jan.-Feb. 2004, believes that this work "includes much new disturbing information and some remarkable revelations, particularly about the relationship of the United States to the Latin American intelligence agencies responsible for Operation Condor assassinations and other systematic human rights violations."

Evans, Michael L. "U.S. Drug Policy and Intelligence Operations in the Andes." Foreign Policy in Focus 6, no. 22 (Jun. 2001): 1-4. [http://www.fpif.org/briefs/vol6/v6n22andes.html]

"Key Points: The U.S. conducts a wide array of intelligence operations in the Andean region, passing information collected to host governments. The nature of the intelligence-sharing relationship limits the extent to which the U.S. can control how such information is used by the Andean governments. U.S. officials have sought to relax restrictions on intelligence sharing with Andean governments at a time when these provisions need to be strengthened."

Gilstrap, C. Wiley. "The Cold War in Latin America." CIRA Newsletter 26, nos. 2/3 (Summer-Fall 2001): 47-55.

These are the personal recollections of a CIA officer covering the period from 1955 to 1979 and a career from case officer to station chief. This is a good, casual read.

Hartlyn, Jonathan, Lars Schoultz, and Augusto Varas, eds. The United States and Latin America in the 1990s. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. F1418V652

LeoGrande, William M. Our Own Backyard: The United States in Central America 1977-1992. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.

Maxwell, FA 77.6, finds this "a compelling and elegently written ... exegesis of the bitter struggles over U.S. policy toward Central America in the 1980s.... By paying so much attention to Washington, however, LeoGrande gives too little credit to the Central Americans themselves for the ultimate outcome of peace."

For Robinson, APSR 94.4, this "is a truly encyclopedic study, a meticulously documented and minutely detailed reconstruction" of U.S. policy toward the region. Nonetheless, there are "substantial weakness": The work lacks a theoretical framework or even a central argument; the author's perspective too closely reflects his service on the staff of the Democratic leadership in Congress in this period; and the Washington-centric view leaves "key pieces of the story ... untold."

McSherry, J. Patrice. "Operation Condor: Clandestine Inter-American System." Social Justice 26, no. 4 (Winter 1999): 144-175.

This article traces "[a]nti-insurrection collusion among the intelligence services of the 'southern cone' countries of Argentina, Brazil and Chile, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay." Swenson, IJI&C 16.1/127/fn25.

McSherry, J. Patrice. Predatory States: Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005.

From publisher: "Operation Condor was a military network created in the 1970s to eliminate political opponents of Latin American regimes. Its key members were the anticommunist dictatorships of Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Brazil, later joined by Peru and Ecuador, with covert support from the U.S. government." The author draws "on a wealth of testimonies, declassified files, and Latin American primary sources." McSherry "shows how, using extralegal and terrorist methods, Operation Condor hunted down, seized, and executed political opponents across borders."

Musicant, Ivan. The Banana Wars: A History of U.S. Military Intervention in Latin America from the Spanish-American War to the Invasion of Grenada. New York: Macmillan, 1990.

Pastor, Robert A. Whirlpool: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Latin America and the Caribbean. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992. F1418P365

Rabe, Stephen G. The Most Dangerous Area in the World: John F. Kennedy Confronts Communist Revolution in Latin America. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1999.

For Robarge, I&NS 15.4, the author clarifies "how the ideological and political goals of John F. Kennedy drove the covert action operations and counterinsurgency activities of the Central Intelligence Agency and the US military in Latin America during the early 1960s.... Sometimes Rabe is too quick to cite less-than-credible CIA critics, such as Philip Agee, to make points against US policy, and he also stretches historical logic on occasion in linking the Kennedy administration to the noisome actions that America's Latin allies committed years later."

Rodriguez, Felix I., and John Weisman. Shadow Warrior: The CIA Hero of a Hundred Unknown Battles. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989. New York: Pocket Books, 1990. [pb]

Saxe-Fernandez, John. "From Counterinsurgency to Counterintelligence." In Latin America and the United States: Changing Political Realities, eds. Julio Cotler and Richard Fagan, 347-360. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1974.

Scott, Peter Dale, and Jonathan Marshall. Cocaine Politics: Drugs, Armies, and the CIA in Central America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991. 1992. [pb]

According to Ramsey, MI 19.1, the "villainy theory" on which this book is based "collapses when one reviews the entire story that was known, through unclassified sources, when the book was published." This is a "churlish cannon shot in a political gutter war." See also, Ramsey's review in Parameters, Autumn 1995.

Surveillant 2.4 says the authors "conclude that America's war on drugs possibly has been a sham.... Many of the findings are based on the 1989 Kerry Report and hearings."

Swenson, Russell G. "Intelligence Education in the Americas." International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 16, no. 1 (Spring 2003): 108-130.

"Political centralization remains intact in South and Central American countries, to such a degree that, despite regional differences in intelligence professionalization through formal educational arrangements, a sustainable framework for generating impartial strategic intelligence judgments does not yet exist."

Wiarda, Howard J. American Foreign Policy Toward Latin America in the 80s and 90s: Issues and Controversies from Reagan to Bush. New York: New York University Press, 1992. F1418W648

Weiner, Tim. "C.I.A. Taught Coercion to 5 Latin American Forces." New York Times, 29 Jan. 1997, A6 (N).

The CIA "taught techniques of mental torture and coercion to at least five Latin American security forces in the early 1980's,... according to documents and statements the agency made public" on 28 January 1997.

Wickham-Crowley, Timothy P. Guerrillas and Revolution in Latin America: A Comparative Study of Insurgents and Regimes Since 1956. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993.

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