Deighton, Anne, ed. Rebuilding Postwar Europe: National Decision-Makers and European Institutions. London: Macmillan, 1995. Deighton, Anne, ed. Rebuilding Postwar Europe: National Decision-Makers and European Institutions. London: Macmillan, 1995.
Hopkins, I&NS 12.3, identifies the aim of this collection as establishing "the nature of the respective contributions of politicians and their civil servants in the main West European countries on the question of closer European co-operation." The volume concludes by considering an "American Intelligence Connection." The discussion "provides some compelling insights on the American Committee on United Europe (ACUE), a little studied organization that promoted the cause of European integration with, it appears, the assistance of the CIA" during the years from 1949 to 1960.
De Vries, Tity. "The Absent Dutch: Dutch Intellectuals and the Congress for Cultural Freedom." Intelligence and National Security 18, no. 2 (Summer 2003): 254-266.
"[T]he Dutch were almost completely absent" from the Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF). "[T]he main explanation for the Dutch lack of interest in the CCF [is] to be found in Dutch society itself.... [P]ost-war Dutch writers and artists hardly had a deeply-rooted tradition of political engagement." At the same time, "Dutch political intellectuals lacked cultural interest."
Dravis, Michael W. "Storming Fortress Albania: American Covert Operations in Microcosm, 1949-54." Intelligence and National Security 7, no. 4 (Jan. 1992): 425-442.
This article breaks no new ground on the Albanian operation, and the author's strong distaste for covert action leads him astray analytically when he goes beyond the bounds of that effort. Nonetheless, the more focused presentation is a decent brief retelling of the main thrust of the Albanian operation. The author sees the action as of British origin, with the Americans being brought in "for financial and operational reasons." But "bitter wrangling between the British and Americans ... seriously compromised the effectiveness of the program." Of course, the operation was seriously compromised by Kim Philby's presence as the SIS liaison in Washington. In the end, "the Albanian project did not meet either of the criteria by which covert actions are judged successful: policy objectives were not achieved, and American complicity was publicly exposed."
Fletcher, Richard. "How CIA Money Took the Teeth Out of British Socialism." In Dirty Work: The CIA in Western Europe, eds. Philip Agee and Louis Wolf, 188-200. London: Zed, 1978.
Gienow-Hecht, Jessica C.E. Transmission Impossible: American Journalism as Cultural Diplomacy in Postwar Germany. Baton Rouge, LA: LSU Press, 1999.
Fischer, I&NS 16.3, notes that the author's focus is on the German-language newspaper, Neue Zeitung, launched by the U.S. Office of Military Government in Germany in 1945. The initial period of editorial autonomy ended in September 1947, after which the paper "became an instrument in the simmering propaganda war with the Soviet Union."
Goldstein, Cora Sol. "The Control of Visual Representation: American Art Policy in Occupied Germany, 1945-1949." Intelligence and National Security 18, no. 2 (Summer 2003): 283-299.
"The post-war development of West German fine arts was the result of both the spontaneous revival of the German art scene, and the implementation of an OMGUS [Office of the Military Government for Germany, US] political agenda targeted at the use of art as a tool for political re-education."
Grèmion, Pierre. L'Intelligence de L'Anticommunisme: Le Congrès pour la liberté de la culture à Paris, 1950-1975. Paris: Fayard, 1995.
Heuser, Beatrice. Western "Containment" Policies in the Cold War: The Yugoslav Case, 1948-53. London: Routledge, 1989.
Aldrich, I&NS 5.3, says that this work gives careful attention to the West's "liberation" strategies with regard to Yugoslavia and Albania, and "sets these operations in the refreshing context of the wider patterns of Western policy.... [T]his study will constitute essential reading ... for those who wish to gain an understanding of the place of covert activities within high-level Western policies in Europe before 1954."
Hirsch, Fred, and Richard Fletcher. The CIA and the Labour Movement. Nottingham, UK: Spokesman Books, 1977.
NameBase: "This little book is in two parts.... Hirsch's essay, 'The Labour Movement: Penetration Point for U.S. Intelligence and Transnationals' (pp. 7-48), is about the history and operations of the American Institute for Free Labor Development.... Most of Hirsch's essay is a case study of the AIFLD in Chile.... Richard Fletcher's essay, 'Who Were THEY Travelling With?' (pp. 51-71), concerns the deep pockets of U.S. intelligence and the effect this had on the British Labour Party.... Portions of this essay also appeared in Philip Agee and Louis Wolf, eds., 'Dirty Work' (pp. 188-200), under the title 'How CIA Money Took the Teeth Out of British Socialism.'"
Karabell, Zachary. Architects of Intervention: The United States, the Third World, and the Cold War, 1946-1962. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1999.
Cohen, FA 78.6, believes that the author "writes well and does a service by combining case studies on American intervention in Greece, Italy, Iran, Guatemala, Lebanon, Cuba, and Laos. He is strongest on Iran and Lebanon, weakest on Cuba and Laos, and includes no studies of intervention by the Soviets, Chinese, British, or French."
To Sullivan, I&NS 16.2, this is "a readable engaging work," the basic thesis of which is that "local elites essentially manipulated the United States into intervening in their countries to shore up reactionary forces there."
Kotek, Joël. Tr., Ralph Blumenau. Students and the Cold War. London: Macmillan, 1996. New York: St. Martin's, 1996.
Aldrich, I&NS 18.2/131/fn.2, calls this a "path-breaking work." Paget, I&NS 18.2/159/fn.10, notes that Kotek "describes the ISC in 1952 as 'close to bankruptcy', and argues that action by a CIA conduit saved the ISC and COSEC."
Kotek, Joël. "Youth Organizations as a Battlefield in the Cold War." Intelligence and National Security 18, no. 2 (Summer 2003): 168-191.
"[F]rom 1952 onwards large sums of [CIA] money went to organizations that were for the most part progressive and were actually independent, so much so that towards the end of the 1960s they did not hesitate to criticize [U.S.] foreign policy.... The situation was not, however, as paradoxical as it seems; we must remember that the chief objective of the intervention was not to control or intervene in the internal affairs of these organizations, but to break the communist monopoly."
Kristol, Irving. Looking Back, Looking Ahead: Reflections of a Neoconservative. New York: Basic, 1983.
These are memoirs of the editor of Encounter.
Kwitny, Jonathan. "The C.I.A.'s Secret Armies in Europe." The Nation, 6 Apr. 1992, 444-448.
The author furnishes a broad overview of some of the discussion surrounding exposure of the stay-behind activities begun by the United States in European countries in the early days of the Cold War. Former U.S. and European officials are quoted, including David Whipple, Victor Marchetti, Richard Helms, Thomas Polgar, Franklin Lindsey, Edward Barnes, and Paul Garbler. Kwitny concludes that "[p]ending unexpected new evidence of violence, the stay-behind matter seems closed."
Lardner, George, Jr. "History of U.S.-Greek Ties Blocked." Washington Post, 17 Aug. 2001, A21. [http://www.washingtonpost.com]
James E. Miller, a retired State Department historian, says that the U.S. Government Printing Office is withholding distribution of the volume of the Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS) series that deals with Greece in the period 1964-1968 because of CIA objections to its publication. According to Miller, CIA officials are concerned about documents regarding "two proposals to influence Greek politicians and elections."
Lasch, Christopher. "The Cultural Cold War: A Short History of the Congress for Cultural Freedom." In Towards a New Past, ed. Barton Bernstein, 332-334. New York: Pantheon, 1968.
Lee, J.M. "British Cultural Diplomacy and the Cold War, 1945-61." Diplomacy and Statecraft 9, no. 1 (Mar. 1998): 112-134.
Lucas, W. Scott. "Beyond Freedom, Beyond Control: Approaches to Culture and the State-Private Network in the Cold War." Intelligence and National Security 18, no. 2 (Summer 2003): 53-72.
While "the CIA led the implementation of the government's cultural strategy, it was a 'total' strategy which involved all agencies in the Executive.... The operations were part of an integrated strategy.... To put it bluntly, if the US government had not covertly funded the 'private' efforts (or, in some cases, assisted in their funding through foundations...), they would not have existed."
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